![]() Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16 and 52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. Associated conditionsĪ number of other health conditions occur more frequently in people with asthma, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may react frequently and readily and experience persistent symptoms. Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air. During recovery from an asthma attack (exacerbation), it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. Problems playing this file? See media help.Īsthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The word "asthma" is from the Greek ἆσθμα, âsthma, which means "panting". Asthma was recognized as early as Ancient Egypt. Asthma often begins in childhood, and the rates have increased significantly since the 1960s. Most of the deaths occurred in the developing world. In 2019 asthma affected approximately 262 million people and caused approximately 461,000 deaths. In very severe cases, intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required. Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and respiratory irritants, and suppressed with the use of inhaled corticosteroids. There is no known cure for asthma, but it can be controlled. It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic, where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry lung function testing. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Īsthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Depending on the person, asthma symptoms may become worse at night or with exercise. These may occur a few times a day or a few times per week. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), sinusitis, obstructive sleep apneaīased on symptoms, response to therapy, spirometry Īvoiding triggers, inhaled corticosteroids, salbutamol Īsthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. Asthma and pregnancy.Recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath Pinyochotiwong C, Chirakalwasan N, Collop N. Common colds: Protect yourself and others. Viral infections and asthma: an inflammatory interface?. Oliver BG, Robinson P, Peters M, Black J. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: Expert panel report 3 (EPR3). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Interleukin-13 in asthma and other eosinophilic disorders. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_86_19ĭoran E, Cai F, Holweg CTJ, Wong K, Brumm J, Arron JR. Asthma exacerbation related to viral infections: An up to date summary. Diagnosis and management of asthma in adults: A review. ![]() McCracken JL, Veeranki SP, Ameredes BT, Calhoun WJ. Early-life respiratory infections and asthma development: role in disease pathogenesis and potential targets for disease prevention. Virus-induced exacerbations in asthma and COPD. Virus-induced asthma attack: The importance of allergic inflammation in response to viral antigen in an animal model of asthma. Skappak C, Ilarraza R, Wu YQ, Drake MG, Adamko DJ. Anti-interleukin 4 and 13 for asthma treatment in the era of endotypes. Epidemiology of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: with special reference to the role of human rhinovirus. Asthma is associated with increased susceptibility to infection.
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